Bah P.S. Nongbri, IFS (Retd) & Kong H. Lato, IFS
Ka jylla Meghalaya jong ngi ka long shisha kaba riewspah ha ki spah mariang, naduh ki dieng ki siej, ki phlang ki kynbat, ki sim ki doh, ki dohkha dohpnat, ki mrad ki mreng, ki khñiang ki ksiah la ha lum ne ha wah. Khyndiat harum ngin ïa peit katto katne shaphang kita ki spah mariang (lait noh ki mar poh khyndew) ki ba don ha ka jylla jongngi. Ka jylla jong ngi ka hap ha kata ka bynta jong kata ka jaka ba la tip kum ka ‘Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot’ (ki jaka kiba kynrei bad bun jait ki dieng ki siej, ki syntiew ki skud, ki mrad ki mreng ryngkat ki kynja ba im kiba rit, kiba mih kyrpang ha kito ki jaka).
Ka spah mariang jong ka ri India ruh ka hap hapoh kita ki khat-ar tylli ki jaka ba ki ong ki ‘Mega-diversity Nations’. Ka ri India jong ngi ka don jan baroh kita ki bynta jong ka jinglong ka suiñbneng bad ki jaka ba kyrpang. Kine ki jaka ki kynthup naduh ki lum thah jong ki Himalaya, ki jaka shit (Equatorial bad Tropical), ki khlaw Mangrooves ha ki rud duriaw, ki jaka ri shyiap bakhluit, haduh ki jaka shrah ba khriat tam.
Don kumba 45,000 ki jait jingthung kiba kynthup kumba 12% jong ki jait jingthung ha pyrthei. Tang ki jait dieng ba phuh syntiew ki don kumba 15,000 jait; kiba kynthup kumba 16% jong ki jait jingthung ba mih ha pyrthei. Kumba 33% na kine ki long kiba mih kyrpang (endemic) bad kiba don kyrpang ha ki 26 tylli kita jaka kyrpang (Endemic Centre in India). Kumba 1000 tylli ki long kita kba lah ban duh jait noh.
Ha kaba ïadei bad ka spah ki mrad ki mreng, ka ri India ka don kumba 63,371 jait (species). Kata, kumba 60,000 jait ki khñiang ki ksiah, 806 ki jait dohkha dohpnat bad 372 jait ki jait mrad (mammals). Ki sim – 2110 jait, ki bseiñ, tyrpud, dkar (Reptile) ki don 430 jait. Ki Jakoid, japieh (Amphibian) ki don kumba 453 jait.
Ka Meghalaya ruh ha kane ka liang jong ka spah mariang, ka long kawei na ki jylla ba riewspah bha, ka hap ruh ha kawei na ki bynta ba kyrpang jong ka jing-riewspah (Biodiversity hotspot). Ka jingkynjang ki lum ki thor ka pher naduh 50 metre haduh 1950 metre. Kane ka pynlong ban ioh ki ki jinglong ka suiñbneng bapher bapher. Ka jingdon ki lum ki wah, ki riat ki ram, ki wah heh bad ki wah duid ryngkat bad ka jingjur u slap, ka pynlong ïa ka jylla jong ngi ban hap ha ka Temperate Zone, Sub-tropical zone bad Tropical Zone. Lah ban ong ruh ba ki jaka ba shaphang shathie ki kham riewspah ha ki jingdon ki dieng ki siej, ki syntiew ki skud ban ïa ki jaka kiba don ha ka phang shatei. Ka jingdon jong kiba bun ki khlaw kyntang,’law Adong, ‘law Kur bad khlaw Sorkar ba la pynneh pynsah naduh mynshwa, ki la pynneh ïa ka jingdon jong kine ki spah mariang.
Ha kaba ïadei shaphang ki jait jingthung jingtep (flora), ka ri Khasi-Jaiñtia ki long ki jaka kiba kham riewspah bha ban ïa kiwei ki bynta jong ka jylla. Kine ki jaka ki la khring ïa ki riewstad, ban wad bniah ïa ki jait jingthung jingtep naduh ki por mynshwa (Hooker and Thomson, 1855, Clark, 1898, Chatterjee, 1962). Ki stad wadbniah halor ki jait jingthung jingtep na ri Bilat (Buchanan-Hamilton,1820, Roxburgh, 1820-1824, 1838, Wallich, 1820-1832, Griffith, 1848, Hooker,1854, 1872-1897, Burkill, 1925, Bor, 1940, 1942a, 1942b) ki la ïit bniah ïa ki jingthung jingtep, bad ka la khring ïa ki lyngba kine ki jingriewspah ha ka mariang haduh ka la pynlong ïa ki ban ainam ruh ïa ki katto katne ki jaka kum ki ‘Botanists’ Paradise’.
Ngi don ruh ki jait tiewdieng (Orchids) kiba mih halor dieng bad ha khyndew ruh. Ha ri India, la don kumba 1000 jait ki tiew dieng. Na kine kumba 650 jait ki don ha ka thaiñ shatei lam mihngi jong ka ri (North East). Ha ka jylla jongngi ruh don kumba 325 jait kine ki jingthung, kata kumba 32.5% jong ka ri India ha la liang jong ki spah tiew dieng.
Ha kaba ïadei bad ki siej, don kum 18 genera (ka thup ba la buh lang ïa ki juh ki jait ba ïa syriem) hapoh ka ri India. Na kitei, 9 genera ki don ha ka jylla Meghalaya jong ngi. Na ki 128 jait ki siej, kum 36 jait ki don ha ka jylla jong ngi, kata ka long 28% jong ka ri India.
Haba kren shaphang ki mrad ki mreng, ki khñiang ki ksiah bad kiwei kiwei, ka la don ka jingïit bniah ïa ki la kumba 150 snem mynshwa (1851-1875). Da ka jingdon jong ka tnad Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)(1916) la ïit bniah ha u snem 1956-57. Ha ki snem 1989-90 haduh ki snem 1993-94, ki riewstad jong ka ZSI ki la ïit bad thoh bniah bha ïa ka jingdon ki mrad ki mreng ha baroh ki district jong ka Meghalaya. Kane jingïit bniah ka pyni ba don 5538 jait (species) jong ki mrad bad ki khñiang hapoh ki 2545 genera. Kiba bun tam na kine dei ki kynja khñiang (insect)(kum ki skaiñ, ngap, thapbalieh,dkhiew, bad kiwei kiwei), kata ki don haduh 3624 jait ha ki 1662 thup (genera). Ki sim ki don 540 jait ha ki 232 genera. Mollusca (kynja mattah) ki don 223 jait ha ki 67 genera. Ki Arachnids (Thapbawa, Ñianglartham, Dkhap) ki don 217 jait ha ki 104 genera. Ki dohkha ki don 152 jait ha ki 74 genera. Ki mrad (mammals) kum ki Hati, Khla bad kiwei kiwei ki don 139 jait ha ki 83 genera.
Kine ki jing-ïit bniah bad lum jingtip ka pyni shisha ïa ka jingriewspah ha ka liang ka jingdon ki mrad ki mreng, ki sim ki doh bad ki jingthung jingtep ha ka jylla jong ngi.
Ki jait mrad ha kane ka ka jylla jong ngi, ki kynthup naduh ki Hati, ki khla, ki shrieh, ki huleng, ki skei, ki sier, ki khiat, ki mynthna, ki dngiem, ki kui, bshad, brai, phyllad, bsong, bad kiwei kiwei. Ha ki por ki ba mynshuwa kine ki mrad ki don ha kylleng ki thaiñ jong ka jylla jong ngi.
Katto katne ki jait khla kiba la ioh lum jingtip katkum ki dur ba la ioh shon, ki long, U Khla Sabrat/krong – Clouded Leopard. Kat kum ka jingïathuh Khana mynshwa ki Khla ïong (Black panther), ki Khla khyrwang (Bengal Tiger) ruh ki don ha kane ka jylla jong ngi, hynrei mynta la duna bha bad ym ju kham iohi shuh ia ki.
Kiwei pat ki jait khla kiba la tip kum ki Leopard (Krung/Labasa). Kine ki jait khla ki lah ban im ha ki khlaw bad rben bad ha ki khlaw rit kumjuh. Mynta kine ki Leopard ki la duna shibun. Ki ‘La Blang/Ksar saw Golden Cat ki dei kiwei pat ki jait khla ba don ha kane ka Jylla jong ngi, bad ki shong ha ki Khlaw Jyrngam bad khlawbah. Bunsien la ju lap ha ki khlaw rud shnong ia ka jingdon ki jait khla barit kum ki Leopard Cat (Khla Thapsim). Kiwei pat ki jait khla ba ïa syriem bad ka miaw ngi tip bad ong ki Jungle Cat, kine ki kham heh khyndiat ïa ka miaw. Ki Marble Cat ruh ki don ha kane ka jylla jong ngi kiba ïa syriem bha bad ki Khla Sabrat haka jingthoh jong ka met, hynrei ki rit ka met.
Ki Dngiem ruh ki dei kiwei pat ki jait mrad ba kham heh ba lap ha kane ka Jylla jong ngi. Kata kum ka Himalaya Black Bear ba ju khot ki Dngiem Bah. Kine ki Dngiem ki don ha ki khlaw jong ki thaiñ Jaiñtia ha Ri-Bhoi kumjuh ha ri lum Garo bad ha kylleng ki khlaw jong ka ri lum khasi.
U jait mrad uba thiah mynsngi ba khih ba ksar mynmiet, ba ngi tip kum ki khaprang (Slow loris) u dei u mrad uba lah jan duh jait, la buh ia u ha ka kyndon Schedule I ha ka Wildlife Protection Act 1972, une u jait mrad u don ha kylleng ki khlaw Khasi, Jaiñtia bad Garo.
Ki Tngaw bad ki Shrieh ruh ki don bun jait ha kane ka Jylla jong ngi. Uwei na kine ki jait shrieh u ba kyrpang ba don ha kine ki lum Khasi, Jaiñtia, Garo u dei u Hulleng (Hollock gibbon). Mynshwa une u jait shrieh u bun bha, ha ki khlaw bah. La ju ïohsngew ïa ka sur jong ki dangstep, namar lada ki ïa don tang shijur ruh ki ïa hylla bha. Mynta kine ki huleng ki don tang ha ki katto katne ki lawbah kum ha khlaw Narpuh, Saipung, ki khlaw ha ka thaiñ border Kupli, ha ki thaiñ West bad South West Khasi, Ri Bhoi bad ha ri lum Garo.
Kiwei pat ki jaitshrieh ba im ha kane ka jylla jong ngi ki dei U Shrieh Lymboit/ lyngkot tdong (Stump tail Macaque), Shrieh Saw (Rhesus Macaque) Shrieh Bthuh (Assamese Macaque), ki Shrieh rit tdong (Northern Pig Tailed Macaque). Ki Tngaw ba don ha kane ka jylla jong ngi ki dei ki Tngaw Ïong (Capped langur).
Kiwei de ki mrad ba ngi dang bun ki dei ki Kui, ki bshad, ki brai, ki bsong, phyllad, ki ksih, ki tyrpud, sharyntin, ki sniang bad kiwei kiwei, ki im ha ki khlaw jyrngam ba rben bad ruh ha ki khlaw rit.
Ki Risang ba bunjait ngi don, ki jait Risang ba heh ba tip kum U Khmud Ïong (Malayan Giant Squirrel). Uwei pat u jait Risang heh u dei u Syllieh Saw (Giant Flying Squirrel), nangta ki Risang rit kum u Khmud Saw (Pallas’s Squirrel) Risang thoh laiñ (Himalayan Striped Squirrel) risang rit (Hoary Bellied Squirrel).
Ka Kyrbei/Rbai (Pangolin) ka dei kawei na ki jait mrad kaba jan duh jait, dei na kane ka daw ba pyniap pathar ka la buh ïa kane ka jait mrad ha ka Schedule I jong ka Wild Life Protection Act 1972. Ka dei ka mrad kaba jai jai bha ba bam tang da ki khñiang. Hynrei na ka daw ba ka jingngeit ba ka snep jong ka ka long dawai, la pynïap pathar ïa ka.
Ka Skei (Indian Muntjac), Ki Sier (Sambhar) Ki Rynjang/ Khiat (Serow) kiba ha ki por mynshuwa ki bun bha wat ha ki khlaw shnong jong ngi, hynrei mynta la sdang duna, na ka daw ka jing pynduh ïa ki jaka shong jong ki bad ruh ka jing siat pathar.
Ki Lymbit ba bun jait ki shong ha ki krem ki kroh jong ngi- Ka Lymbit ba kyrpang ba la tip kum ka (Wroughton’free tailed bat), ka dei kaba dan don ha ki katto katne ki jaka ha pyrthei, hynrei ka don ha ki krem jong ngi ha East Jaintia Hills.
Don ka Lyntait ba tip kum ka Khasi Swift (Dark rumped Swift), Sim shoiñ (Tawny Breasted Wren Babbler) kiba la lap tang ha ka jylla jong ngi. Kiwei ki sim ba jan duh jait ki long ki Kohkarang (Brown Hornbill, Great Pied Hornbill, Pied Hornbill, Green Hornbill) bad kiwei kiwei, ki don ha kane ka Jylla jong ngi.
Ka Jylla Meghalaya kaba kyrhai ha ki syntiew ki skud ba bun jait kiba phylla kum u Tiew Rakot (Pitcher Plant) u tiew dieng (Blue Vanda) Tiew knup mawiang, kiba la buh Kyrpang ha ka Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Ngi kyrmen ba kine ki jingtip ba katto katne kin nang pynshai bad ai jinghikai ïa kine ki spah mariang, namar bun kila nang duna bad jan duh jait ruh, namar ba la nang duna ki khlaw ki btap ha baroh ka jylla, namar dei ha kine ki khlaw ki btap ba ki mih, ki sah bad ki rieh tngen kine ki spah mariang. Kawei pat ka daw ka long ka jingpynjulor da kaba pynïap pathar, ka jingpynjulor da kaba pom bad rat pathar ia kine ki spah mariang ban kha-ïi pateng khlem da pyrkhat jngai na ka bynta ban tyngkai bad pynneh khamtam ha ki jaka ba ki ju mih bad im.
To ngin ïa shim bynta lang ha ka ban pynneh pynsah ïa ka spah mariang jong ka jylla jongngi.
