Kitdor H. Blah
Kaei ka thymmei jong ka Tribal status ka jong ngi? Lane kaei ka thymmei jong ka jingithuh ïa ngi kum kita ki Scheduled Tribes hapoh kane ka Ri India? Ka long kaba donkam ban ngin ïa phai dien sha ka mynnor namar ka don ka jingkulmar jingmut ha kine ki por kiba mynta halor ka thymmei jong ngi kum kita ki Scheduled Tribes. Te nga ïawer ïa ki nongpule ban sdang na ka mynta bad ngin kyrtiang dien ter ter sha ka mynnor haduh ba ngin poi biang sha ka thymmei jong ka Tribal status ka jong ngi, bad kumta ka nongrim jong kata ka thymmei ruh kan shai bad ngin ym bakla ne shah pynbakla.
Ngi im mynta hadien jong u snem 1947, ha ka Ri India kaba lah dep ïoh ïa ka jinglaitluid na ka jingsynshar jong ki nong Bilat. Bad ngi im ruh hadien jong u snem 1949, ha ka Ri India kaba la thaw bad saiñ dur da kata ka Riti Synshar lane Constitution. Lada ngi phai tang sha ka Riti Synshar hi, ka thymmei jong ka jinglong Scheduled Tribe ka jong ngi ka shong ha ka mat kaba 342 jong ka, kaba pynkup bor ïa u President jong ka Ri India ban ithuh ïa kinoikino ki jaitbynriew hapoh ka Ri India kum kita ki Scheduled Tribes. Bad halor jong kane ka jingpynkupbor, u President ba nyngkong duh jong ka Ri India, u Dr. Rajendra Prasad, u la pyllait da ka Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, bad ka dei kane ka Order kaba la ai ïa ka jingithuh ïa ngi ki Khasi bad ïa kiwei ki jaitbynriew kum kita ki Scheduled Tribes ha ka Ri India kaba la laitluid.
Te ka jingkylli ha kane ka khep kaba mynta ka long kaei ka nongrim jong kane ka jingithuh ïa ngi bad ïa kiwei kum ki Scheduled Tribes? Kiei ki kyndon jong ka jingithuh ïa kino-kino ki jaitbynriew kum ki Scheduled Tribes? Ka jubab lyngkot ka long ba ka khlem don kano-kano ka kyndon ha ka Riti Synshar kaba long kum ka jingkdew ba ngin ithuh ïa kino-kino ki jaitbynriew kum ki Scheduled Tribes, bad haduh mynta ruh, ka Sorkar India kam shym la buh kino-kino ki kyndon ban ithuh ne ban ym ithuh ïa kino-kino ki jaitbynriew kum ki Scheduled Tribes. Ka daw bah jong kane ka long namar ba ka thymmei jong ka Tribal status ne jinglong Scheduled Tribe jong ngi kam shim la sdang ne mih syndet ha ka por ba ngi ïoh ïa ka Riti Synshar jong ka Ri India, ne ha ka por ba ka Ri India ka la ïoh ïa ka jinglaitluid na ka jingsynshar jong ki nong Bilat, hynrei ka thymmei ka jong ngi ka lah don lypa bad ka la skhem lypa ha shwa ba kan wan ka Riti Synshar, bad ka Riti Synshar ka shu pynskhem ïa kata ka thymmei. Ka Order jong u President ka pynskhem ïa kata ka thymmei bad histori kaba la wan ha shwa jong ka jinglaitluid jong ka Ri India bad ka Riti Synshar ruh.
Ka Ïingkashari ka la pynskhem ba ka jingsahdien kaba la batai ha ka mat 16(4) jong ka Riti Synshar ka thew hi ïa ka jingsahdien ha ka imlang ka sahlang, namar ka dei kane ka tynrai jong ka jingsahdien ha ka ïoh ka kot ha ka Ri India. Te shuh shuh hangne ruh, ngi hap sngewthuh ba ka jingsahdien jong kita ki Scheduled Tribes bad ki Scheduled Castes kam shym shong nongrim tang ha ka jingsahdien ha ka imlang sahlang ruh, namar lada ngi peit ïa ka mat 15(4) jong ka Riti Synshar ruh, ka kren shwa ïa ka jingïarap kyrpang na ka bynta kita ki kynhun kiba sahdien ha ka imlang ka sahlang, bad nangta ruh san a bynta kita ki Scheduled Castes bad Scheduled Tribes. Kane ka mat 15(4) ka pyni ba ka jingsahdien jong ki Scheduled Castes bad Scheduled Tribes ka ïaid la ka jong wat na ka jingsahdien ha ka imlang ka sahlang jong kiwei ki kynhun ha kane ka por ba la thaw ïa ka Ri India, bad kam dei shuh ba ngin dang hap ban thew ne bishar lyngba ka ïoh ka kot, ka pule ka dangle, ne ka imlang sahlang, ïa ka jingsahdien jong kine ki Scheduled Castes bad Scheduled Tribes. Kane ka thymmei jong ki Scheduled Castes bad Scheduled Tribes ka lah skhem lypa ha shwa jong ka Riti Synshar ruh, bad ka Riti Synshar ka shu ai jingithuh ïa kata ka thymmei kaba la seng lypa naduh ka jingsynshar jong ki nong Bilat.
Haba ngi ïakren ïa ka jingsahdien jong ki Scheduled Castes bad ki Scheduled Tribes, ngi lah ban pynshong nongrim ïa ka ha kawei ka kyntien ha ka ktien Phareng, bad kata ka long ka ‘Social Exclusion’ lane ka jinglong la ka jong ha ka imlang sahlang na kiwei pat ki kynhun. Ka thymmei jong ki Scheduled Castes ka shong tynrai ha ka histori jong ki hapoh ka imlang sahlang jong ka niam Hindu. Kine ki Scheduled Castes ki dei kita ki jait kiba shah kheiñ ba ki kham poh hapoh jong ka niam Hindu. Kata ka jinglong la ka jong lane ‘social exclusion’ ha kaba ïadei bad ki Scheduled Castes ka dei namar jong ka jingshah khanglad ka jong ki ban ïadei bad ïaryngkat ha ka imlang sahlang bad kiwei pat ki jait kiba kham halor ïa ki ha ka nïam Hindu bad namar kane, ki la kylla long kiba sahdien ha ka imlang sahlang, pateng la pateng, bad kane ka jingsahdien ha ka imlang sahlang ka wanrah pat ïa ka jingsahdien ha ka ïoh ka kot, pateng la pateng.
Te lada ka jingsahdien jong ki Scheduled Castes ka shong tynrai ha ka niam Hindu, kaei pat ka tynrai jong ka jingsahdien jong ki Scheduled Tribes? Ha kaba ïadei bad ki Scheduled Tribes, ka ‘social exclusion’ lane ka jinglong la ka jong ka jong ki ha ka imlang sahlang na kiwei ki kynhun ha ka Ri India, ka shong tynrai ha ki jaka kiba ki shong ki sah, kiba long la ka jong na ki jaka jong kiwei ki kynhun kiba heh paid bad kiba kham ïa khleh jaitbynriew. Ki jaka ba kine ki Scheduled Tribes ki shong ki sah ki dei ki ri lum bad ki ri khlaw, bad na kane ka daw, ki long la ka jong na ki jaka thor bad ki jaka heh paid, bad na kane ka daw, ki long la ka jong na kiwei ki kynhun bynriew bad ka dei kane ka tynrai jong ka jingsahdien jong ki ha ka imlang sahlang, haba ïanujor bad kiwei ki kynhun ha ka Ri India.
Ba ka thymmei jong ngi kum ki Scheduled Tribes ka shong tynrai ha ka jaka, ngi lah ban pynshisha lada ngi khmih thuh bad kyrtiang dien ter ter ïa ka Riti Synshar jong ka Ri India, ka Government of India Act 1935, ka Government of India Act 1919, ka Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 bad ka Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation 1873. Haba ngi khmih ïa ka Riti Synshar jong ka Ri India, ngi lap ïa ki jingïada na ka bynta ki Scheduled Tribes kiba ïapher na kiwei ki kynhun, la ki dei ki Scheduled Castes ne kiwei ki Backward Classes. Ha kaba ïadei bad ki Scheduled Castes bad kiwei ki kynhun sahdien, ki don ki mat jingïarap bad jingïada kum ki mat 15(4), 16(4), 17, 25(2)(b), 46, 335, bad kiwei kiwei, kiba ïadei bad ka ïoh ka kot, ka kam ka jam, bad ka niam ruh, hynrei ka jingïapher hapdeng kine kiwei ki kynhun sahdien bad ki Scheduled Tribes ka long ba ïa ki Scheduled Tribes pat ki don ruh nalor kitei ki mat haneng, ki kyndon jingïada katkum ka jaka kaba ki shong ki sah, kum ka mat 244 kaba ïada ïa kita ki Scheduled Areas katkum ka Khyrnit kaba 5 lane ka Fifth Schedule bad ïa kita ki Tribal Areas katkum ka Khyrnit kaba 6 lane ka Sixth Schedule jong ka Riti Synshar. Kane ka jingïada na ka bynta kine ki Scheduled Areas bad Tribal Areas, kiba long ki jaka ba shong ba sah kita ki Scheduled Tribes, ka long ba kino kino ki aiñ jong ka Ïingdorbar thawaiñ jong ka Ri ne ki jylla, ki lah ban ym trei kam ha kita ki jaka, lane kin trei kam katkum ki jingpynkylla kiba ïadei naka bynta kine ki jaka. Bad sa kawei ka jingïada ka long ba yn pyrkhing bad tehlakam ïa ka rukom ïadie ïathied jaka ha kine ki jaka. Bad shuh shuh, sa kawei ka jingïada ka long ba yn pyrkhing bad tehlakam ïa ka rukom ai ram jong kiwei ki jaitbynriew ïa ki Scheduled Tribes ha kine ki jaka. Shuh shuh, ha kita ki Tribal Areas, ki don ki Autonomous District Council ki ban thaw aiñ shuh halor ka khaïi ka pateng bad ka ai ram jong kiwei ki jaitbynriew ïa kine ki Scheduled Tribes.
Kine ki kyndon kiba ïada ïa kine ki jaka shong jaka sah jong ki Scheduled Tribes ki la wan hiar pateng sha ka Riti Synshar na ka por jong ka jingsynshar ki nong Bilat, kata na ka Government of India Act, 1935 kaba kren shaphang kita ki ‘Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas’ bad kita ki Tribal Areas.’ Kane ka Government of India Act, 1935 ka ïada ïa kita ki Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas kiba kynthup ïa ki Khasi Hills, Jaiñtia Hills, Garo Hills bad Mikir Hills, ha kaba ka buh kyndon ba kino-kino ki aiñ jong ki Ïingdorbar thaw aiñ kin ym treikam ha kine ki jaka, lait noh sa tang lada u ibit u Lat ban pyntreikam, katkum ki jingpynkylla kiba ïadei bad kine ki jaka. Kane ka jingïada ïa ki ‘Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas’ ka la wan hiar pateng sha ka Government of India Act, 1935 na ka Government of India Act, 1919, kaba kren shaphang kita ki ‘backward tracts’ bad kaba buh ïa kajuh ka jingïada na ka bynta kine ki backward tracts na ki aiñ jong ki Ïingdorbar thaw aiñ. Kine ki backward tracts ki dei ki jaka shatei lam mihngi jong ka Ri India, kiba don sha mihngi jong ka Bengal ha kato ka por, bad ki dei kijuh bad kitei ki Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas. Ka jingïada kaba ngi ïoh ha ka Khyrnit kaba hynriew jong ka Riti Synshar ka la wan sha ngi naduh ka Government of India Act, 1935 bad Government of India Act 1919. Lada ngi kyrtiang dien shuh shuh, ngin lap ba kane ka jingïada ïa kine ki jaka ri lum ki jong ngi, ka lah don wat naduh u snem 1874, kata ha ka Scheduled Districts Act, 1874. Kane ka Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 ka batai ba ïa ki aiñ kiba ka jingsynshar Bilat ka pyntreikam ha ka Ri India baroh kawei, yn lah ban pyntreikam ruh lane ban ym pyntreikam ruh ha kita ki jaka kiba khot ki Scheduled Districts, lane ban pyntreikam ïa ki aiñ ha kita ki Scheduled Districts katkum ki jingpylla kiba ïadei bad ki. Kawei na kita ki jaka kiba la khot ki Scheduled Districts ha kane ka Act ka dei ka Chief Commissionership of Assam, kaba la khot ruh ka North East Frontier, kaba ka nongbah jong ka ka dei ha nongbah Shillong, bad kaba la phiah na ka Bengal ha u Jymmang jong u snem 1874. Haba ngi bishar ïa kine ki jingïada ïa ki jaka kiba ngi shong ki sah, ngin ym artatien ba ka thymmei jong ngi kum ki Scheduled Tribes bad ka thymmei jong ki Scheduled Areas bad Tribal Areas, ka shong tynrai ha ka Scheduled Districts Act, 1874, bad ka nongrim jong kane ka thymmei ka dei beit ka jaka kaba ngi shong ngi sah. Bad na kane ka Scheduled Districts Act, kane ka jingithuh ïa ngi ka hiar pateng lyngba ka Government of India Act, 1919 bad Government of India Act, 1935 shaduh ka Riti Synshar jong ka Ri India, ha ki mat 244 bad ki Khyrnit ba San bad ba Hynriew. Shuh shuh, ka kyndon ha ka Riti Synshar kaba pyrkhing ïa ka rukom ai ram jong kiwei ki jaitbynriew ha ki Scheduled Areas bad Tribal Areas ka la wan hiar pateng naduh ka Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 lane ka aiñ Inner Line Permit. Kane ka aiñ ka la tehlakam ïa ka jingairam jong ki nong ri-thor ïa ki riewlum namar kane ka dei kawei na ki rukom ba kine ki nong ai ram ki ïoh ban klun noh ïa ka jaka jong ngi ki riewlum, lane kata ka ‘tribal and alienation.’
Te kaba sngewsih bad i thamula pat ka long ba ki nongïalam kiba mynta kim sngewthuh shuh ba ka jinglong trai muluk ka jong ngi ïa kane ka jaka kaba ngi shong ngi sah ka dei ka thymmei bad ka tynrai jong ka Tribal Status ka jong ngi. Ka jinglong Scheduled Tribe ka shong tynrai haka jaka, bad ka thymmei jong ki Scheduled Tribe ka dei ka jingling trai muluk ïa ka jaka. Hynrei mynta, ki mut ban batai khyllah ba ka jinglong Scheduled Tribe ka shong ha ka niam kaba ngi bud, ne ka rukom ai jait kmie ne jait kpa, ne kino ki Personal Laws, ne aiñ ïadei briew, kiba ngi bud. Wat la ngi la ïoh ïa ki Autonomous District Councils kiba lah ban thaw aiñ halor ki riti ki dustur, hynrei kine ki wan hadien jong ka thymmei, ym ba kine kin batai kylla ïa ka thymmei ka jong ngi. Ïa ka thymmei ka jong ngi kum ki trai muluk trai jaka, ym lah ban pynduh, tang namar ka kyrteng aiu ngi kwah ban ai, ki jinglehniam aiu ngi bud, bad ki dustur aiu ngi bud. Ka jinglong Scheduled Tribe ka dei shi bynta bad ka jinglong trai muluk trai jaka, bad ym lah ban pynduh ïa kata, haba la kha ïa nga bad ïa phi kum ki trai muluk trai jaka.
