H. S. Kharpran, Mawlynrei, East Khasi Hills
Ka mariang (Enviroment) ka kynthup baroh kito ki bynta kaba ktah ïa ka jingim jong ngi kum ki dieng ki siej, ki mrad ki mreng, ka um, ka lyer, ka khyndew kine baroh ki long ki bynta ba donkam jong ka ma-riang namar ki jingthaw ba im kim lah ban im khlem ma ki.
Ka jingbymkhuid ka mariang ka long ka jingleh da u briew ban pynrung ïa ki bynta kiba nabar lane ka bor ha ka mariang kaba wanrah ïa ki jingkylla kiba sniew. Kine ki jingkylla ki lah ban ktah beit ne indirect ïa u briew da kaba buh jingma ïa ka koit ka khiah jong u, pynjulor ïa ki jingïoh jingïarap jong ka jingim bad ka mariang, lane da kaba pynthut ïa ka jingpyndonkam hok ïa ka mariang.
Ka jingbymkhuid ka mariang ka wanrah :
a) Ki jingeh ha ka koit ka khiah – da kaba ktah ïa ka jingim bad ka bha ka miat jong ki briew.
b) Ki jingeh ha ka ïoh ka kot – da kaba ktah ïa ka jingdon jingem jong ki briew bad ki tiar ki tar ba donkam.
c) Ki jingeh ha ka mariang – da kaba pynwit ïa ka jingïaryngkat jong ka ma-riang, ka pynthut ïa ka jingïada bad jingpynneh pynsah ïa ka spah mariang bad buh jingma ïa ka jingim jong kiwei pat ki jait jingthaw.
Ki daw jong ka jingjakhlia ka mariang
Ka jingjot jong ka mariang da u briew ka mih na ki lai tylli ki daw bah:
1. Ka jingbun briew palat
2. Ka jingroi sor
3. Ka jingkiew jong ki karkhana
Ka jingbun jong ki jaboh ba mih na kine ki lai tylli ka pynhiar shibun ïa ka jing-bha jong ka khyndew, ka um, ka lyer bad ka bam.
1. Ka jingbun briew palat (Over-population)
Ka jingdon briew ha pyrthei ka la long 2 million ha ka snem 1930, ka la kiew sha ka 4 billion ha ka snem 1975, bad ka la kiew sha ka 8.20 billion ha u snem 2025.
Ki jingkheiñ ba mynta ki pyni ba ka jingbun briew ha pyrthei ka nangkiew da kumba 2 percent shi snem. Kane ka mut ha ka jingkheiñ paidbah ba kumba 1 million ngut ki briew ki nangkiew man la ka 5 sngi, lane 5 ngut ki briew man la katto katne sekhon. Lada kane ka jingkiew ka bteng kumjuh, ha ki snem ban wan…ha-dien 900 snem, ka pyrthei kan don 100 ngut ki briew ha man kawei ka square metre jong ka khyndew bad ka um.
Ka jingkiew jong ka jingbun briew kan dawa shuh shuh ïa ka bam, ka um ka lyer bad ka jaka sah. Ban pynbun ïa ka jingmih jong ka bam ha ri India, la hap ban pyndonkam kham jur ïa ka khyndew kaba lah ban rep, lane ban pynkylla ïa ki jaka khlaw bad ki jaka lum sha ka jaka rep. Kane ka jingeh ka la paw shai ha India, namar ka ri ka don tang 1/40th bynta jong ka jaka khyndew ka pyrthei hynrei ka kyrshan ïa 1/6th bynta jong ki nongshong shnong ka pyrthei. Ka jingïaleh ban pyndap ïa ki jingdonkam jong u briew la leh da kaba pynkylla ïa ki khlaw, kiba dei ban ïada ïa ka pyrthei na ka jingma jong ka global warming. Ka jingpyndonkam bakla ïa ka khyndew ka pynsniew ïa ka jingmyntoi jong kiwei pat ki jingdonkam. Kum ka rep jhum, rep shyrti, rep bun, ka jingthang pathar ia ka khlaw bad jingpom pathar ia ki dieng.
Ki jingkheiñ ba mynta ki pyni ba ka jaka khlaw ha India ka long tang kumba 23% jong ka jingheh jong ka ri, pyrshah ïa ka thong kaba 33% ba la buh ha ka National Forest Policy.
Ka jingbun briew kaba bteng ban kiew ka la pynbor ïa u briew ban pyndonkam kham jur ïa ki jaka khlaw ka bynta ka mariang. Kane ka la ktah ïa ka jinglong jingman ka mariang kum ka um bad ka khyndew.
U briew u dei ban pynmih kham bun ka bam, hynrei da ka juh ka jaka khyndew. Kum ka nuksa, ha ka snem 2000 A.D., ki nongrep ha ka pyrthei kin hap ban pynmih 3 shah ka bam na kawei ka jaka ban ïa kaba la mih ha u snem 1970. Kane ka mut ba ka jingbun briew, kaba long ar shah ka jingdon briew ha u snem 1970, ban pyndonkam da ki dawai kiba thaw da ka jingïoh jingstad ban tehlakam ïa ki jingthaw kiba pynjulor ïa ki jingthung.Ki nongrep kiba ju pyndonkam da ki sboh ban pynkhlaiñ ïa ki jingthung, mynta ki pyndonkam ruh shibun ki dawai pyniap khñiang. Hynrei kane ka wanrah ïa ka jingeh jong ka jingpynjulor ïa ka khyndew, ka jingduna jong ka jingbam (nutrient) ha ka khyndew, ka jingjaboh jong ka um da ki dawai thung (plant nutrient) bad ka jingjaboh jong ka mariang baroh kawei da ki pesticide. Kine ki pesticide ki long ka bih ïa ka lyer, ka um bad ka jingbam.
2. Ka jingroi sor (Urbanization)
Ka jingbun briew ka wanrah ïa ka jingroi jong ki sor. Ki briew ki kynriah na ki nongkyndong sha ki jaka sor ban wad kam wad jam bad da ka jingthrang ïa ka jingsuk bad ki jingdonkam kiba kham bha. Kum ka jingmih, ki sor ki la dap briew palat ïa kaba ki lah ban kit ne kyrshan. Jan 40% jong ka jingbun briew ha India ki shong ha ki jylla Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh bad West Bengal. Ki jaka kiba duna briew eh ki kynthup ïa ka Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Andaman bad Nicobar Islands, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland. Ka jingbun briew ha ki jaka sor ka la long ka daw bah jong ka jingbun kali bad jingdheng kali, ka jingpyut na ki jaboh ba tyrkhong bad ba um (solid, liquid wastes), bad ka jingeh ha ka jingpynkhuid paidbah (Poor sanitary condition).
Ha ka nongbah kaba don 1 million ngut ki nongshong shnong, man ka sngi ka donkam:
? 1,800 metric tons ka bam (approx.)
? 2,500 metric tons ka petrol bad diesel fuel ban pynbiang ïa ka jingdonkam jong ki nongshong Shnong; 2400 metric tons natural gas, kaba mih nangta ka long ba ki nongshong shnong jong ka nongbah ki pynmih man ka sngi:
? 1,800 metric tons ka niut (garbage)
? 4, 50,000 metric tons ka um jaboh (sewage)
?
Katkum kane ka rukom jingïathuh, kaba lah ban long kaba dei, ka nongbah kaba heh kan pyndonkam man ka sngi. Ka nongbah kaba don 1 million ki briew ki pyndonkam kumba:
? 8,500 mt ki bynta ba mih na ki ding fossil fuels (dewïong, petrol, natural gas). Ki nongshong shnong ki pynmih man ka sngi ha ka jingïakheiñ:-
? 400 mt carbon monoxide (kaba long ka lyer bih)
? 135 mt sulphur dioxide
Kine baroh ki jaboh kiba mih na 1 million ngut ki briew. Kumta, ki nongbah ha India kiba don da ki million ngut ki briew ki bat ïa ka jingbun jong kine ki jaboh.
Namar ka jingroi sted, ki kam bapher bapher bad ka jingbun jong ki tyllong jaboh, ki nongbah ki long kiba shah ktah bha ha ka jingjakhlia. Ka jingbun jong ki jaboh ha ka lyer ha ki nongbah ka kham bun ban ïa ki nongkyndong.
Ka jaboh ha ka lyer ha ka nongbah ka mih na:
? ka shet ka tiew
? ki kali
? ki karkhana bad kiwei kiwei
Kane ka jaboh ka lah ban pynkylla ïa ka mariang bad ka suinbneng jong ka nongbah.
Ki jaka ba bret ïa ki niut bad ki um jaboh ki pynjaboh ruh ïa ki tyllong um. Ha India, kumba 50 billion litres ka um jaboh (waste water) (na iing, shnong bad ki nongbah) la pyllait man ka sngi na ki nongbah bad ki nongkyndong khlem ka rukom pynkhuid kaba dei, kaba pynbun ïa ka jingma jong ka jaboh ha ka um.
3. Ka jingkiew jong ki karkhana (Industrialization)
Ki jingdonkam jong u briew kim ju kut. Ka jingpynmih ïa ki mar thymmai bad ki mar pyndonkam ka la pynkylla ïa ka rukom im da ka jingtreikam jong ki karkhana. Ka jingroi jong ka jingthaw mar ka la pynkiew ïa ka roi ka par jong ka ri.
Ki karkhana, ha ka por ba ki pynwandur ne shna ïa ki mar, ki pynmih:
? ki bynta ba hap ban bret
? ki chemical
? ki mar shiteng (Intermediate Chemical)
? bad ki mar kiba kut. (end products)
Ka rukom shna mar bad ka rukom pyndonkam ha ki karkhana ka pynduna ïa ka jingmyntoi jong ki raw material, bad bunsien ka wanrah ïa ka jingduh jong ki che-mical ba kordor. Ka jingduh ka shong katkum ka jait karkhana, hynrei ka jingjaboh ba mih ka kham duna ïa 1% lada pyndonkam hok ïa ki rukom tehlakam ïa ka jingpyut.
Kine ki jaboh ki lah ruh ban rung sha ka mariang lyngba :
? ka jinghap noh (spills) ha ka por ba pyndonkam,
? por kit ïa ki mar (transportation),
? lane bret noh (disposal) haba ym lah pyndonkam.
Ha ka thaiñ Trombay-Chembur ha Munbai, ha kaba ki karkhana, ka jingjaboh ka long 3- 6 shah kham jur ban ïa kaba don ha kiwei pat ki bynta jong ka nongbah.
Man ka karkhana ka don la ka jong ka jait jingmih jaboh ne ki bynta kiba lah ban pynjaboh beit ne indirect ïa ka mariang.
Ym tang ki karkhana kiba pynjaboh ïa ka lyer, hynrei ki pyndonkam ruh shibun ka um ha ka jingtreikam.Ka jingthaw mar ha ka pyrthei ka pyndonkam um shibun eh.
Kum ka nuksa: ha ka jingpynmih ïa 1 kilo ka shini, la pyndonkam kumba 1,800 litre ka um; ha kane ka jingïakhein la kynthup ruh ïa ka jingbun ka um kaba la pyndonkam ha ka jingthung ïa u syntiew shini (sugarcane), ha ka jingpynwandur bad jingtreikam ha ki karkhana haduh ba u mar uba kut (kata ka shini) un poi sha ïew.
Man la ka jinglong jingman ha pyrthei, baroh ki jingtrei ki donkam um. Ki karkhana ruh ki pyndonkam shibun bha ïa ka.Kum ka nuksa, ka karkhana shna kot bad pulp ka pyndonkam kumba 150 m³ ka um na ka bynta man kawei pa kawei ka tonne jingmih kaba la shna.
Nangta shuh shuh ha ki jaka sor ka jingbun ki kali, ki karkhana, wat ki rukom jing leh sngewbha (means of entertainment) ki pynmih ki jingsngewbha kaba pynwit ïa ki skhor u briew, kaba ki khot noise pollution. Ka skhor u briew ka lah ban kit tang kumba 80 decibels ( ka jingthew ïa ka jingsawa), lada ka jingsawa ka long palat ïa ka 80 decibels la lah ban ktah ïa ki skhor.
Ha kine ki sngi ka jingnangroi u khun bynriew bad jingnangkiew ki karkhana ka la nang pynjaboh ia ki um ki wah, ki um ba wan na ki kharkhana bad ki ïing ki lah ban long ki um (liquid) ne long tylli (solid) kaba long synrum ne jaboh ba la khot sewages bad kumta ki wah bad ki wah duid bad tyllong um la pynjaboh da kine ki sewage.
Ka lyer ka long kaba kongsan ïa ka jingim u briew bad kaba donkam na ka bynta ka jingim ki jingthaw ba im kum ki jingthung, bad ki mrad. Ka jingpynjaboh ïa la lyer ka long naka tdem, pumpum, dpei, ki poisonous gases, pollen grains nangta shuh shuh ka jingthang ïa u dewiong, petrol, natural gas, Auto mobiles engine ka la nang pynjaboh shuh shuh ïa ka lyer. Kine ki pynmih ïa kata ba la khot oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide kaba kylla long ki lyer bih, ka lyer jaboh (polluted air) ka wanrah bun jait ki jingpang kum ka allergies jyrhoh, jingsuhkhriat ( cold) pang klong snam, cancer bad kiwei kiwei ki jait jingpang.
Na kitei ki mat ba la kdew haneng, ka la ktah shikatdei eh ïa ki jinglong jingman jong ka mei mariang. Ka la wanrah ïa ka jingbymkhuid jong ka lyer (air pollution), ka jingjaboh jong ki um bad ki wah (water pollution), bad ka la ktah ruh ïa ka jingsngew jong u briew (noise pollution). Shuh shuh, ka la wanrah ïa ka jingkylla ha ka suinbneng (weather change) bad ka jingkhluit jong ka pyrthei (global warming), namar ka jingjur palat jong ka lyer jaboh kaba mih na ki kali, ki karkhana bad kiwei pat ki bynta.
Kumta, kine baroh ki wanrah bun jait ki jingeh bad jingkordit ïa u khun bynriew, khamtam eh ha ka jingmih bun jait ki jingpang bad ki jingma ïa ka koit ka khiah.
